面向家度、亲友和社区，认识和誉惕“邪教”
(摘要)
美国家庭基金会成员、
精神卫生咨询师和社会工作者Livia Bardin女士
2003年11月，中国
I am a social worker. In the US, a social worker is a mental hea-
lth professional whose training focuses on people in their envi-
ronments. This means we work not only with individuals, but
with the social surroundings一home, j ob, community, in which
our clients live and work. Therefore, my interest in cults nat-
orally led me to look at the damage done to families, friends,
and communities, and also how families, friends and communi-
ties can play a role in helping the cult member to leave.
我是一个社会工作者。在美国，社会工作者是研究心理卫生的专业人员。
他们主要研究在各种环境下生活的人们。这就是说，我们不但与人打交道，还
要研究周围的社会环境—家庭、职业、社区等。我们的服务对象就是在这些
环境中生活和工作的。所以，我对邪教的研究自然地使我关注邪教对家庭、朋
友和社区带来的破坏，以及家庭、朋友和社区在帮助邪教成员离开邪教所起的
作用。
Why people join cults:人们为什么参加邪教
A. They do not join "cults." They join churches,self-improvement, therapy groups, etc.邪教成员认为，他们参加的不是“邪教”，而是教会，是自我提高、治疗的团体等。
探求和分析加人邪教的原因:
1. Undue influence and deception may be factors不适当的影响和欺骗是其中的因素。
2. No evidence that incidence of mental illness is greaterin cult members than in general society.没有证据表明邪教成员的精神疾病比一般社会人群的精神疾病更严重。
B. They join these groups because they are vulnerable. Thegroup appears to offer them something lacking in their lives.It is a human instinct to seek meaning and purpose in life.
他们参加邪教是因为他们比较脆弱。邪教组织向他们提供生活中缺乏的东西。人的本性是寻找生活的意义和目的。
Langone’s 10 factors (Psychiatric Times, July, 1996.
美国家庭基金会《邪教问题研究》主编Langone博士
关于人们参加邪教的10种原因:
High level of stress or dissatisfaction高度的精神压力或不满
Frustrated spiritual searching由于失落而寻找精神寄托
Cultural disillusionment文化传统上的幻灭
Lack of self-confidence缺乏自信
Unassertiveness优柔寡断
Desire to belong to a group希望归属某个群体
Susceptibility to trance-like states很容易进人恍惚状态、易感性
Low tolerance of ambiguity认知绝对化，对模糊的事物耐受力较低
Gullibility容易受骗
Naive idealism天真的理想主义
Why people leave cults人们为什么离开邪教
Research consistently says most leave of their own accord.
研究表明，大多数人都是自愿离开邪教的。
Most recent report from Wellspring (Marshall, October,
2003, Unpublished)从Wellspring康复和咨询中心最新的报告
(2003年10月，Marshall，未出版发行)
N= 215人
离开的方式 Mode of leaving NUmber PerCent %
自愿离开 Walked away 144 67
被劝阻 Actively persuaded 24 11
被开除 Expelled 19 9
团体被解散 Group disbanded 5 2
其它 other, no answer 23 11
TOTALS
215 100
Precipitating factors'促成因素
1. DiseonfiTTning Experience一Disillusionment否定的经历—醒悟
.Leader seen as inconsistent, hypocritical or immoral 主要领导人被认为是前后矛盾、伪善的或不道德的
.Also applies to secondary leaders次要人物也被同样认为是不道德的
2. Frustration or disappointment with laoli of success of themovement由于运动的失败而沮丧或失望
Based on Wright, Stuart A. (1987). Leaving Cults: The Dynamics of Defection. Society for
the Scientific Study of Religion; Washington, DC
.Unfulfilled prophecy, goals of movement appear more remote and unattainable无法实现的预言，目标显得更加遥远和不可及。
.Perception of urgency dissipates紧迫感消散了。
.Personal sense of unimportance一“All I was able to do was raise money to pay the rent…that' s not valuable enough to make me live my life that wad’个人的感觉和认识—已经不再重要了，“我所能做的只是找钱去付租金…我那个样子过日子不值得。”
3. Prolonged separation一Failure of "insulation.”长期的分离—“孤立和隔离”的失败
+family influence applied at the right time家庭的影响正好起作用
“The decision really had to come from me. Whenever(husband) tried to push his feelings on me, it had a bad effeet."“决定还是必须由我来做。不管(丈夫)什么时候把他的感情加在我身上，总是有副作用。”
4. Creation of two-person intimacy within the group 在团体里两人间亲密关系的建立
.Leave because spouse or mate is leaving因为配偶或同伴的离开而走开
} Expelled from group because of relationship因为和别人有联系被团体开除
Seoondaiy fsators (supplementary, but important)次要的原因(补充的，但很重要)
，Based on Wright, Stuart A. (1987). Leaving Cults: The Dynamics of Defection. Society for
the Scientific Study of Religion; Washington, DC
1. Intrusion of other belief system其它信仰的侵人
Example: COG member relates to evangelical Christians
如:COG成员和福音基督徒建立联系
2. Increasing awareness of and concern for family ties越来越感到家庭联系的重要
.Prior family closeness not significant早先家庭的亲近不是很明显
.Experienced parental objections to joining BUT not overly negative reaction. Shouting and anger evoke strong aversion. If dealing with youthful members, a smooth adolescen experience有经验的家长反对加人，但不是过分地否定孩子。喊叫和发脾气容易引起厌恶。对待邪教团体的年轻成员，要有平稳地度过青春期的经验。
3. Pursue or complete higher education寻求或完成高等教育
Not Inoluded in S
在上述调查表中离开邪教的原因不包括
1. Abuse虐待
2. Kicked out开除
3. Accidental exposure to cult education无意中接触邪教的教唆
WHY PEOPLE LEAVE CULTS
人们为什么离开邪教(主要原因归纳)
.Disconfirming experience
幻想破灭
disillusionment否定的经历—
.Frustration or disappointment一lack of success of the movement沮丧或失望—运动并不成功
.Prolonged separation长期的分离
.Creation of two-person intimacy within the group团体里两人间亲密关系的建立
Intrusion of other belief system其它信仰的侵人
Increasing concern for family ties越来越关心家庭纽带
Pursue or complete higher education寻求或完成高等教育
.Abuse虐待
.Kicked out开除
.Accidental exposure to cult education无意中接触邪教的教唆
Based on Wright, Stuart A. (1987). Leaving Cults: The Dynamics of Defection. Society for
the Scientific Study of Religion; Washington, DC
Role of
and community:
家庭、朋友和社区的作用
Increase the
Decrease
attractions of the outside world.
增强外部世界的吸引力。
the attractions of the group.
减少邪教团体的吸引力。
Basic principles基本原则
INCREASE KNOWLEDGE增加知识
STAY CONNECTED保持对外联系
BUILD TRUST建立信任
TAKE ADVANTAGE OF OPPORTUNITIES利用机会
Knowledge about the cult experience讯general
关于邪教经历的一般性认知
1. How undue influence works:“Mind-bending"“心灵扭曲”怎样不适当地影响了工作
a. Combination of common techniques of influence, may include:常见的影响力技巧的组合包括:
Group and social pressure一friends,authority figures 团体和社会的压力—朋友、权力和权威
Environmental manipulation一sight, sound, touch,smell环境方面的操纵—视觉、声音、触摸、嗅觉
Repetition and urgency重复和紧迫感
Threats and fears威胁和恐惧
Flattery阿谀奉承
Altered states of consciousness精神状态的改变
b. Also may include:也可能包括:
Sleep and/or food deprivation剥夺睡眠或食品
Manipulation of information操纵信息
Fraud and deception欺诈和欺骗
c. Mind-bending practices are intense and are continual一do not stop紧张的和连续的心灵扭曲的练习—不停顿
Rscruit' s personal
新会员的个人体验
a. Recruit has an intense, personal experience新会员有很强的个人体验
b. The group says the experience is caused by its special powersspecial powers邪教团体认为，个人体验是由于他们的特殊力量而引发的
c. Not understanding how easy it is to manipulate emotions, the recruit accepts the group' s interpretation.由于新会员不懂得感情被操纵是多么的容易，所以他们接受了团体的解释。
d. Member now makes radical changes in his or herway of life, based on the new beliefs, (includingphobias about the outside world).会员的生活方式产生了剧烈的变化，这些变化是由于有了新的信仰(包括对外部世界的极端恐惧。)
e. Potential for harm varies according to practices of group, level and duration of involvement, individualcharacteristics, manner of leaving.根据练习者卷人的时间和程度、个人特性、离开方式的不同，邪教对其潜在的危害也不同。
Experience is not necessarily all black一membersmay acquire new skills, have enjoyable friendships,and experiences.邪教团体的经历并不总是漆黑一团—会员也可以获得新技能，建立令人愉快的友谊和经历。
Speci$o knowledge about eaoh oase
对邪教团体每一个案例的分析和调查
1. Group the person has j oined对已加人的团体:
a.Leader' s background, skills and experience领袖的背景、技能和经验
b•Group ideology and practices团体的思想和实践
c•Group jargon and customs (clothing, food, sexual) 团体的行话和习俗(衣服、食品、性)
d.Group’s public representations about itself and the public' s perceptions of the group邪教团体在公众面前自称的形象和公众对该团体的认识。
2. The person you are concerned about对你所关心的人
a. Likes, dislikes, strengths, weaknesses 所爱、所恶、强项、弱点
b. History, personal issues that may make the group attractive可能使团体具有吸引力的历史或个人的问题
c. Ties to outside world与外部世界的联系
3. Yourself, family and others who may help 你自己、家人和可以帮助你的人
a. Skills, experience, resources技能、经验、资源
b. Limitations一financial, physical, personal 局限性—经济的、身体的、个人的
c. Needs of other family members需要其它家庭成员
d. Changes you can make that will improve relationships你的改变即可促进和改善的关系
Improve communioations skills改善交际能力
1. R,espeetful listening倾听别人的意见
2. Consistent verbal and non-verbal messages 前后一致的口头和非口头的言论。
3. Measured, appropriate responses, not emotional reactions慎重的、恰当的反应，不是感情用事。
4. Model open mind, willing to explore different ideas 开启头脑和心智，愿意探索不同的思想观念。
THE SUN AND THE WIND
The sun and the wind were arguing about which was the more powerful. "See that man down there?" the wind said. "I can make him take off his coat!"The wind began to blow. The man, who had been strolling along with his coat open, buttoned his coat. The wind blew harder.
The coat flapped. The man held the coat closed with his arms and walked faster. The wind blew harder still, but the harder it blew, the tighter the man wrapped himself in his coat, hurrying along and huddling against the buildings for shelter.Then the sun said, "Now let me try."
The wind stopped and the sun began to shine. The man dropped his arms to his sides and slowed his pace. The sun shone more brightly and after a while the man unbuttoned his coat. The sun continued to shine and soon the man took off the coat entirely and strolled along enjoying the sunlight, with the coat folded over his arm.
如何对待邪教成员的寓言:
太阳和风的故事
太阳和风争论谁的本领强。“看到那边那个人了吗?”风说，“我可以叫他把外衣脱掉!”风开始吹起来。那人刚才还敞开大衣散步，这时把大衣扣紧了。风更加使劲地吹着。那人的大衣在风中飘动。他用双臂捂着大衣，走得更快了。风更加起劲地吹，但是风吹得越起劲，那个人把自己捂得越紧，蜷缩成一团，急忙倚在墙根找庇护。接着，太阳说，“现在让我来试试。”风停住了，太阳开始照耀。那个人把双臂放下，放慢了脚步。太阳光芒四射，过了一会儿那人解开了大衣。太阳继续照耀，不久那个人把大衣全部脱掉，折起来放在于臂上，欣赏着明媚的阳光，漫步闲逛。